Byte Stream vs Character Stream

Byte Stream Class:

• Byte Stream are defined by two hierarchies 

1. InputStream
2. OutputStream

•  The abstract class InputStream and OutputStream define several key method that the other stream classes implement. The two most Important are

1. read()
2. write()

• Stream class (Subclass)
• BufferedInputStream
• BufferedOutputStream
• ByteArrayInputStream
• ByteArrayOutputStream
• DataInputStream
• DataOutputStream
• FileInputStream
• FileOutputStream
• PrintStream
• PushbackInputStream

Character Stream class:

• Character stream are defined by two class hierarchies

1. Reader
2. Writer

• These class handle unicode character stream.
• The most important method are

1. read()
2. write()  which read/write the character of data.

• character classes
• BufferedReader
• BufferedWriter
• CharArrayReader
• CharArrayWriter
• InputStreamReader
• OutputStreamReader
• FileReader
• FileWriter
• PrintWriter
• PushbackReader

 Streams - Byte Based(Read or write Bytes)[Mainly used for Binary files)
Reader - Character Based(Read or Write Character)[for Text files]

 Filereader is the best option as it reads the file characterwise or u can use bufferedreader because it reads stringwise. 

FULL or LEFT JOIN

The FULL / LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table (table 1), even if there are no matches in the right table (table 2).

Table 1: adetails

Table 2: assignto

Query:

select adetails.*, assignto.*  
    from adetails FULL JOIN assignto  
    on adetails.machine_sno=assignto.machine_sno

    or

    select adetails.*, assignto.*  
    from adetails LEFT JOIN assignto  
    on adetails.machine_sno=assignto.machine_sno

Result:

JOIN or INNER JOIN

INNER JOIN is the same as JOIN.

The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables.

Table 1: adetails

adetails

Table 2:  Orders

Query:

select adetails.*, assignto.* 
    from adetails JOIN assignto 
    on adetails.machine_sno=assignto.machine_sno

    or
    select adetails.*, assignto.*
    from adetails INNER JOIN assignto 
    on adetails.machine_sno=assignto.machine_sno

Result:

Check Size of your Database

This command will help you for checking the Database space, Here Database Name is login.

Command:    Exec sp_spaceused

Result

 

Comment

create table alertclub  /* Creating a Table is a comment*/
(
    uname varchar(20),
    phoneno varchar(10),
    address varchar(20)
)

Select columns from Table

Type 1: For select all column from table alertclub

Select * from alertclub

Type 2: For select Particular column from table, suppose if you want to select uname (column name) from 

 alertclub  (table name). then execute this query:

Select uname from alertclub

Rename Table Name

Suppose your table is alertclub and you will change it to AC

Step 1: Execute this query:

EXEC sp_rename 'alertclub', 'AC'

 After execute this query, one msg will come out like this:

Caution: Changing any part of an object name could break scripts and stored procedures.

Step 2: select * from AC 

Table name raname from alertclub to AC

Rename Column Name

Before rename column name

Step 1: sp_rename 'alertclub.uname', 'username'

After excute this query one msg will come like this:

Caution: Changing any part of an object name could break scripts and stored procedures.

and open table

Step 2:  select * from alertclub

you will see that column name changed from uname to username

After Rename column name